Batuque


Região: Rio Grande do Sul
Data de Registro: 1833

Batuque é uma Religião Afro-brasileira de culto aos Orixás encontrada principalmente no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de onde se estendeu para os países vizinhos tais como Uruguai e Argentina.

Batuque é fruto de religiões dos povos da Costa da Guiné e da Nigéria, com as nações Jêje, Ijexá, Oyó, Cabinda e Nagô.

HISTORIA

A estruturação do Batuque no estado do Rio Grande do Sul deu-se no início do século XIX, entre os anos de 1833 e 1859 (Correa, 1988 a:69). Tudo indica que os primeiros terreiros foram fundados na região de Rio Grande e Pelotas. Tem-se notícias, em jornais desta região, matérias sobre cultos de origem africana datadas de abril de 1878, (Jornal do Comércio, Pelotas). Já em Porto Alegre, as noticias relativas ao Batuque, datam da segunda metade do século XIX, quando ocorreu a migração de escravos e ex-escravos da região de Pelotas e Rio Grande para Capital.

Os rituais do Batuque seguem fundamentos, principalmente das raízes da nação Ijexá, proveniente da Nigéria, e dá lastro as outras nações como o Jêje do Daomé, hoje Benim, Cabinda (enclave Angolano) e Oyó, também, da região da Nigéria. O Batuque surgiu como diversas religiões afro-brasileiras praticadas no Brasil, tem as suas raízes na África, tendo sido criado e adaptado pelos negros no tempo da escravidão. Um dos principais representantes do Batuque foi o Príncipe Custódio de Xapanã. O nome batuque era dado pelos brancos, sendo que os negros o chamavam de Pará. É da Junção de todas estas nações que se originou esta cultura conhecida como Batuque, e os nomes mais expressivos da antiguidade, que de uma maneira ou de outra contribuíram para a continuidade dos rituais foram:

·      Ijexá — Paulino de Oxalá Efan, Maria Antonia de Assis (Mãe Antonia de Bará), Manoel Matias (Pai Manoelzinho de Xapanã), Jovita de Xangô; Miguela do Bará, Pai Idalino de Ogum, Estela de Yemanjá, Ondina de Xapanã, Ormira de Xangô, Pedro de Yemanjá, Pai Tuia de Bará,Pai Tita de Xangô; Menicio Lemos da Yemanjá Zeca Pinheiro de Xapanã, Mãe Rita de Xangô Aganju,entre outros.

·      Oyó — Mãe Emília de Oyá Lajá, princesa Africana , Pai Donga da Yemanjá, Mãe Gratulina de xapanã, Mãe "Pequena" de Obá, Mãe Andrezza Ferreira da Silva, Pai Antoninho da Oxum, Nicola de Xangô, Mãe Moça de Oxum, Miguela de Xangô, Acimar de Xangô, Toninho de Xangô e Tim de Ogum, entre outros.

·      Jêje — Mãe Chininha de Xangô, Príncipe Custódio de Xapanã, João Correa de Lima (Joãozinho do Exú By) responsável pela expansão do Batuque no Uruguai e Argentina, Zé da Saia do Sobô, Nica do Bará, Alzira de Xangô, Pai Pirica de Xangô;Mãe Dada de Xangô; Leda de Xangô; Pai Tião de Bará; Pai Nelson de Xangô, Pai Vinícius de Oxalá entre outros.

·      Cabinda — Waldemar Antônio dos Santos de Xangô Kamuká; Maria Madalena Aurélio da Silva de Oxum, Palmira Torres de Oxum, Pai Henrique de Oxum, Pai Romário de Oxalá, Pai Gabriel da Oxum,Mãe Marlene de Oxum, Pai Cleon de Oxalá, Pai Jorge de Xangô de Buenos Aires, Argentina, entre outros.

As entidades cultuadas são as mesmas em quase todos terreiros, os assentamentos tem rituais e rezas muito parecidos, as diferenças entre as nações é basicamente em respeito as tradições próprias de cada raiz ancestral, como no preparo de alimentos e oferendas sagradas. O Ijexá é atualmente a nação predominante, encontra-se associado aos rituais de todas nações.

CRENÇAS

O batuque é uma religião onde se cultuam vários Orixás, oriundos de várias partes da África, e suas forças estão em parte dentro dos terreiros, onde permanecem seus assentamentos e na maior parte na natureza: rios, lagos, matas, mar, pedreiras, cachoeiras etc., onde também invocamos as vibrações de nossos Orixás.

Todo ser humano nasce sob a influencia de um Orixá, e em sua vida terá as vibrações e a proteção deste Orixá que está naturalmente vinculado e rege seu destino, com características individuais, em que o Orixá exige sua dedicação, onde este poderá ser um simples colaborador nos cultos, ou até mesmo se tornar um Babalorixá ou Iyalorixá.

Há uma questão de ordem etmológica no Termo Pará, onde afirma-se ser este o outro nome pelo qual é conhecido o Batuque, ora sabe-se que todo frequentador de Terreiros chama na verdade o Peji ou quarto-de-santo de Pará e não o ritual sagrado dos Orixás, este sim o Batuque. Esta questão já está dimensionada desde os anos 50, nas pesquisas etnográficas de Roger Bastide sobre a Religião Africana no Rio Grande do Sul. São consideradas Religiões afro-brasileiras, todas as religiões que tiveram origem nas Religiões tradicionais africanas, que foram trazidas para o Brasil pelos escravos.

As Religiões afro-brasileiras são relacionadas com a Religião Yorubá e outras Religiões africanas, e diferentes das Religiões Afro-Caribenhas como a Santeria e o Vodu.

ORIXÁS

O culto, no Batuque, é feito exclusivamente aos Orixás, sendo o Bará o primeiro a ser homenageado antes de qualquer outro, e encontra-se seu assentamento em todos os terreiros, no Candomblé o chamam de Exú.

Entre os Orixás não há hierarquia, um não é mais importante do que o outro, eles simplesmente se completam cada um com determinadas funções dentro do culto. Os principais Orixás cultuados são: Bará, Ogum, Oiá-Iansã, Xangô, Ibeji (que tem seu ritual ligado ao culto de Xangô e Oxum), Odé, Otim, Oba, Ossaim, Xapanã, Oxum, Iemanjá, Oxalá e Orunmilá (ligado ao culto de Oxalá).

E há também divindades que nem todas nações cultuam como: Exú Elegbara, Gama (ligada ao culto de Xapanã), Zína, Zambirá e Xanguín (qualidade rara de Bará) que só os mais antigos tem conhecimentos suficientes para fazer seus rituais.

TEMPLOS

No Rio Grande do Sul a área de conservação das religiões africanas vai de Viamão à fronteira do Uruguai, com os dois grandes centros de Pelotas e de Porto Alegre.

No batuque, os templos terreiros são quase que em sua totalidade vinculados as casas de moradia. É destinado um cômodo, geralmente na parte da frente da construção onde são colocados os assentamentos dos Orixás. Neste local são feitos todos os fundamentos de matanças e trabalhos determinados, oferendas para os Orixás, e o local é considerado sagrado, pessoas vestidas de preto, mulheres em dias de menstruação não entram. Junto a esta parte da casa, chamada de quarto de Santo ou Peji, há o salão onde são realizadas as festas para os Orixás.

O estado do Rio Grande do Sul foi o maior responsável pela exportação dos rituais africanos para outros países da América do Sul, entre eles Uruguai e Argentina, que também procuram seguir a maneira de cultuar os Orixás, e a construção dos templos seguem exemplos dos seus sacerdotes.
Todos os Orixás são montados com ferramentas, Okutás (pedras) etc. e permanecem dentro da mesma casa, com exceção do Bará Lodê e do Ogum Avagãn, que tem seus assentamentos numa casa separada, ficando à frente do templo onde recebem suas oferendas e sacrifícios. A casa dos Eguns também tem lugar definido, é uma construção separada da casa principal, na parte dos fundos do terreiro, onde são feitos diversos rituais.

Em caso de falecimento do Babalorixá ou Iyalorixá, dono do terreiro, fica a critério da família o destino do templo, geralmente não tendo um familiar que possa suceder o morto o templo é fechado. Na maioria dos casos na morte de um sacerdote, todas as obrigações são despachadas num ritual especifico chamado de Erissum (Axexê), por este motivo é muito difícil encontrar ilês (casas) com mais de 60 anos, são muito poucos os sacerdotes que destinam seus axés a um sucessor, para dar prosseguimento à raiz.

RITUAIS

Os rituais são próprios e originais e embora tenha alguma semelhança com o "Xangô de Pernambuco", é muito diferente do Candomblé da Bahia.

Os rituais de Jêje tem suas rezas próprias (fon), e ainda se vê este belo ritual em dois grandes terreiros na cidade de Porto Alegre, as danças são executadas de par, um de frente para o outro. Há também muitas casas que seguem os fundamentos da nação Oyó que se aproxima muito do ijexá, já que, estas duas provem de regiões próximas na Nigéria.

A principal característica do ritual do Batuque é o fato do iniciado não poder saber em hipótese alguma que foi possuído pelo seu Orixa, sob pena de ficar louco.

Cada Babalorixá ou Iyalorixá tem autonomia na prática de seus rituais, não existem nomenclaturas de cargos como tem no Candomblé, exercem plenos poderes em seus ilês. Os filhos de santo se revezam nos cumprimentos das obrigações.

No mínimo uma vez por ano são feitos homenagens com toques para os Orixás, mas as festas grandes são de quatro em quatro anos. Chamamos de festa grande a obrigação que tem ebó, ou seja quando há sacrifícios de animais de quatro patas aos Orixás, cabritos, cabras, carneiros, porcos, ovelhas, acompanhados de aves como galos, galinhas e pombos.

Esta obrigação serve para homenagear o Orixá "dono da casa" e dos filhos que ainda não possuem seu próprio templo. A data é geralmente a mesma que aquele sacerdote teve assentado seu Orixá, a data de sua feitura. As festas têm um ciclo ritual longo, que antigamente duravam 32 dias de obrigações, hoje diante das dificuldades duram no máximo 16. O começo de tudo são as limpezas de corpo e da casa, para descarregar totalmente o ambiente e as pessoas, de toda e qualquer negatividade; em seguida são preparados as oferendas e sacrifícios ao Bará. A partir deste momento, os iniciados já ficam confinados ao templo, esquecendo então o cotidiano e passam a viver para os Orixás por inteiro até o final dos rituais. No dia do serão (dia da obrigação de matança), todos Orixás recebem sacrifícios de animais. Os cabritos e aves são preparados com diversos temperos e servidos a todos que participarem dos rituais, tudo é aproveitado, inclusive o couro dos animais, que sevem para fazer os tambores usados nos dias de toques.

No dia da festa o salão é enfeitado com as cores dos Orixás homenageados. A abertura se dá com a chamada (invocação aos Orixás), feita pelo sacerdote em frente ao peji (quarto de santo), usando a sineta (adjá), saudando todos Orixás. Ao som dos tambores, as pessoas formam uma roda de dança em louvor aos Orixás, a cada um com coreografias especiais de acordo com suas características.

No final das cerimônias são distribuídos os mercados, (bandejas contendo todo tipo de culinária dos Orixás como: acarajé, axoxó (milho cozido e fatias de coco), farofa de aves, carnes de cabritos (cozidas ou assadas), frutas, fatias de bolos etc.), alguns consomem ali mesmo, outros levam para comer em casa.

Durante a semana são feitos outros rituais de fundamentos para os Orixás, inclusive a matança de peixe, que para os batuqueiros significa fartura e prosperidade, os peixes oferecidos são da qualidade Jundiá e Pintado; estes são trazidos vivos do cais do porto ou do mercado público, onde o comércio de artigos religiosos é intenso.

No sábado seguinte é feito o encerramento das obrigações, com mesa de Ibejes e toque, novamente em homenagem aos Orixás, neste dia são distribuídos mercados com iguarias e o peixe frito, significando a divisão da fartura e prosperidade com os participantes das homenagens aos Orixás. Após o encerramento, o sacerdote leva os filhos que estavam de obrigações ao rio, à igreja, ao mercado público e à casa de alguns sacerdotes, que fazem parte da família religiosa, para baterem cabeça em sinal de respeito e agradecimento; este passeio faz parte do cumprimento dos rituais. Após o passeio todos estão liberados para seguirem normalmente o cotidiano de suas vidas.

EGUM

No Batuque também temos a parte dos rituais destinados ao culto dos Eguns. Este é um ritual cheio de magia e segredos onde poucos sacerdotes têm o completo domínio.
A casa dos Eguns (espíritos dos mortos) fica numa construção separada da casa principal, nos fundos do terreno, onde são feitos diversas obrigações em determinadas datas e quando morre alguém ligado ao terreiro; este local é denominado Balê.

Aos Eguns também são oferecidos sacrifícios de animais, e comidas diversas que fazem parte somente deste ritual, não podendo ser usados em outras ocasiões.

Os Eguns, assim como os Orixás, tem suas rezas (cânticos) próprias, feitos na linguagem yorubá, e em dias de obrigações recebem toques ao som de tambores frouxos e com o acompanhamento de agê (instrumento feito com uma cabaça inteira trançada com cordão e contas diversas).
Cada nação tem rituais diferentes para este tipo de obrigação.

SACERDÓCIO

O babalorixá ou Iyalorixá tem a responsabilidade de formar novos sacerdotes, que darão continuidade aos rituais. Para isto é preciso preparar novos filhos de santo, que durante um certo período de tempo aprenderão todos os rituais para preservação dos cultos.

O sacerdote chefe deve passar aos futuros Pais ou Mães de Santo, todos os segredos referente aos rituais tais como: uso das folhas (folhas sagradas), execução de trabalhos e oferendas, interpretação do jogo de búzios, e até mesmo como preparar um novo sacerdote.

Geralmente o futuro sacerdote já nasce no meio religioso, onde conviverá acompanhando todos os diversos rituais que darão suporte a seus afazeres dentro do culto, e terá pleno conhecimento de todos os tipos de situações que enfrentará em seu futuro templo.

O tempo de aprendizado é longo, não se forma um verdadeiro sacerdote de Orixás com menos de sete anos de feitura, e os ensinamentos são passados de acordo com a evolução da capacidade de aprendizado que o noviço tem, já que os ensinamentos são feitos oralmente, não há livros para ensinar os rituais, a melhor maneira de aprender tudo é conviver desde cedo dentro dos terreiros.

A partir do momento que um noviço se torna um sacerdote de Orixá, terá as mesmas responsabilidades daquele que lhe passou os ensinamentos.

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